Because Japan did not increase its per-capita solar, wind, or hydro in significant quantities between 1965 and 1998, and because nucleardirectly replaced carbon-intensive fossil fuels used for producingelectricity, we can conclude that nuclear caused the decarbonization of
energy in Japan during the period between 1965 and 1998.
Adding robustness to this causal claim is the recarbonization of Japanese energy supplies following the replacement of nuclear plants with fossil fuels after 2011. In the two years following the 2011 nuclear accident in
Fukushima, Japan halted nuclear electricity generation and replaced it with fossil fuels including coal, oil, and natural gas. After that occurred, the carbon intensity of energy in Japan rose to 236 gCO 2 per kWh, undoing 36 gCO 2 per kWh of the 49 gCO 2 per kWh of emissions reduction progress Japan made between 1965 and 1998 in just two years.