In Asian countries, I suspect relations eg children of high up executives like the CEO would be treated differently; )
Given it was only recently (in the last 15 years) that Korean Air managed to get over it's strong coughpit hierarchy which would mean a 1st officer would rather death than to have the dishonor of correcting their captain (superior), it's not much surprise that a superior getting angry (in this case the superior being Cho Hyun-Ah) is able to get a plane sent back to the gate.
Whilst Korean Air has managed to do wonders towards making their coughpits a more open flow of communication, they are still going against thousands of years of tradition and culture to do it.
The pilot was stuck between a rock and a hard place, unfortunately. The culture in Korea (and in Japan, to a mild degree) does not help this.
If he had not turned around and exercised due authority, he would have likely been dragged over the coals once he arrives back in Korea, viz. likely summary dismissal, as his "crime" would be blatant insubordination of a company executive, who "just so happened to be the daughter of the CEO". There would be great difficulty in his finding another job (unless he moves countries), and unlike in Australia, like hell there is a union or even an authority that can protect him or get his job back just because he was actually doing his job. In fact, had this scenario been the case, it would have been much less likely it would make the news in any way. A screaming executive isn't much to write about unless it results in a safety or criminal act, so it would have simply been another flight with a disgruntled woman, who then tells daddy who fires the pilot.
That said, he will likely find himself in a similar situation now that KE is being dragged summarily over the coals for its actions (i.e. serious safety incident and bringing the company into disrepute). The only difference is that the world
and the Korean authorities harbour a degree of condemnation against the company, the executives and the now-deposed nutty woman, so the exposure of the pilot to retaliatory action is somewhat reduced. In fact, it is only through media exposure and hitherto shaming by the local Korean authorities that there is any sort of contriteness shown by both the CEO and the deposed woman. It could have just as easily all been covered up with no one the wiser without any popular exposure.
The strength of familial ties in Asia should not be underestimated. It does not make anything or everything the families do right, but so there.
The other side of this is that there is a very strong honour code in both Korea and Japan. If pushed to the edge (not as far off as you think), the deposed woman and/or her father may well take their lives in light of this incident.