Any MEL that somehow fell below the Master MEL would likely present an airline with legal and insurance issues.
It won't be an MEL in that case.
There is another level though. Called an "authority to proceed". It's something that's approved on a one off basis, and needs input from a number of areas, not just the local engineer. And the Captain is still has the final say. And they're very rare.
Would passengers be concerned if they knew that their aircraft is missing certain items? Or is it "what you don't know does not hurt you".
I can tell you now, that EVERY aircraft you set foot on, even brand new ones, will have at least one or two MELs. Most really are minor, but many come with restrictions, or perhaps additional procedures. Some can be lengthy and onerous.
The final go no go decision comes down to the pilots. Some pilots would accept an airline' approved MEL for the particular mission and others would not.
Whilst the vast majority of times I'd accept them without any issues, there have been times where I have rejected the MEL, resulting in either a delay, or in another case a tech stop in Darwin. Engineers apply them for engineering reasons, but they don't necessarily understand their aviation ramifications. That's the Captain's job.
Do we know if the winglet was “ripped off” (as per the title of this new thread), or presumably just removed for some reason (eg fatigue, wear or damage,…), and awaiting replacement…
And that title annoyed me, as it was a bit of mud slinging without the slightest knowledge.
I fear this will only happen when one falls off the sky. I have been flying A330-200's and A330-300's now with QF.. The state is quite bad; toilets are very old and even in my last flight one had "Non-Usable" sticker on it.
All the items you're talking about are non airworthiness items. They don't appear in the MELs, and can simply be written off. They don't make anything fall out of the sky.